Beattie J, Middleton J, editors. In addition to that, diseases may be communicable or non-communicable. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. 2005;60:50113. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. 4. Finally the themes were incorporated into a conceptual model of the participants and their beliefs and perceptions in illness causation [18]. Waddel A, Petersen AR. Development over the centuries of Human Civilization concepts of disease causation remained transforming and still not reached the perfection. Trimingham S. Islam in East Africa. People in our village sterilize the equipment they use for these purposes. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. Naturalistic theory A theory of a disease causation where illness results from upset of the balance between the person and environment Naturalistic theory examples;Humoral , Ayurvedic ,and vitalistic approaches Humoral theory 2007;2:942. This finding, especially the link between lying and ill health may be relatively unique to this cultural setting. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. A.A. 2015. 9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triad, Concept of Disease Control | SurgicoMed.com, 2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health Nursing, Concept of disease. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada, You can also search for this author in At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. He was also faced with the challenge of being perceived as a powerful individual due to his position as a member of the elite and a senior university lecturer. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. It states thatmicroorganismsknown aspathogensor germs can lead to disease. Before For example, the research findings were shared with research participants and the local research assistants who confirmed the interpretations accurately reflected their perceptions and experiences. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. The study communities rejoiced in their culture of eating together and sharing with those in need. Beliefs on the causes of birth defects as perceived by mothers of children with birth defects in a tertiary care hospital in the Philippines. We consider people who travel at this wrong time bad, harmful, killers and thieves or people into something tricky. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. Foster M, Anderson B. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. Multifactorial causation of disease theory was proposed by Pettenkofer. %PDF-1.6 % Made with by Sagar Aryal. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. This . Oxford: Clarendon; 1964. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. New York: Wiley; 1978. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . 4th ed. We would like to thank the study participants and Tehuledere Woreda Health Bereau staff, as well as our research assistants for their great support to facilitate the data collection of study. germ theory, in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. Genetic counseling of the deaf. Creswell JW. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Toronto for giving the first author an opportunity to obtain advanced training in qualitative data organization and analysis during a visit to Toronto, Canada. State Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $180,000 (150,000) each. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. Philosophy. For the study communities, a culture of social trust was central to their identity, and they believed this was directly connected to the health of the body. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. He was able to use existing networks and contacts within the indigenous institutions, including traditional leaders and local health officials, thereby gaining access to a very wide cross-section of people. Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. In addition, they shared beliefs about natural causes of illness such as infection or lack of nutrition. Epub 2021 Nov 26. 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. L. W. Feezer. Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. The study employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks Theory of Illness. Oman Med J. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . Prev Chronic Dis. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 31527. This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. Epidemiology: man and disease. Many respondents identified lying as a cause of ill-health. Google Scholar. Atkinson S, Haran D. Individual and district scale determinants of users satisfaction with primary health care in developing countries. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. Cookies policy. This broad category includes five distinct types of natural causes of illness: infection, stress, organic deterioration, accident, and overt human aggression. 1990;28:6372. Sanders Thompson VL, Johnson-Jennings M, Baumann AA, Proctor E. Use of culturally focused theoretical frameworks for adapting diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative review. Gordis, L. (2014). Disease in Africa has been the subject of a large number of rich studies. government site. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. According to Murdock, supernatural causes include: theories of mystical causation (i.e., fate, ominous sensation, contagion, and mystical retribution); theories of animistic causation (i.e., soul loss, and spirit aggression); and theories of magical causation (i.e., sorcery and witchcraft) [10]. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. Pasteur, Henle, Koch were the strong proponents of microbial theory after they discovered the micro-organisms in the patients secretions or excretions. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. Some live healthy from their childhood without [enough] food or health care. Members of the study community believes that supernatural, natural and social elements are linked to ill-health causation. In the early past, the disease was thought mainly due to either the curse of god or due to the evil force of the demons. Two analysts (MHK and another Amharic speaking team member, TS) immersed themselves in the data by reading and open coding the transcripts independently and developing preliminary codes. The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee in the College of Health Sciences Addis Ababa University, with either in writing or verbally (for those who were illiterate) consent to participate in the study being obtained from all study participants. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. A. Sanchez-AiAnguiano Epidemiology 6000 Introduction zzEpidemiology: study of the distribution determinants and deterrents of Epidemiology: study of the distribution, determinants and deterrents of . For example, if a man cheats on his wife, this could cause illnesses: A person will be healthy when he settles at home, and is not cheating on his wife. This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural context of indigenous beliefs regarding ill-health among five Tehuledere communities found in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. J Hum Lact. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. 2003;9(6):649. Then we stay healthy [Female, Study Community # 4]. We've updated our privacy policy. 8600 Rockville Pike Published 1 October 1921. Germs cause disease. Ethiop J Health Dev. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the perceptions of causes of ill health and disease in the study communities as a guide to how best to implement public health initiatives in the region. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. Soc Sci Med. Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. The relationship between diseases and their causes can be approached from different starting-points. Cultural beliefs on disease causation in the Philippines: challenge and implications in genetic counseling. Article For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. Fracastoro proposed that contagious diseases are caused by transferable "seed-like entities," which we now call germs. The practice of epidemiology. The dominant frameworks argue that culture is a set of values, beliefs, and actions that are learned through interactions with others. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. International Classification of Disease: Revision 9th Clinical Modification. 5th, Millennium edition U.S Department of Health and Human Services; 2000. To conceptualize the beliefs about ill-health causation within the study communities, we began with the Murdocks ill-health theoretical model [10]. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. Click here to review the details. 2015;12:140421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140421. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. Unusual causes of emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance, Effect of the Gayatri Mantra Playing on Microbial Load in Room Air. Privacy There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. Tooth decay, measles, or a broken bone are examples. As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. 2015;29(2):12736. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. Disobeying elders causes ailment. Theory of illness causation is an important issue in all biomedical sciences, and solid etiological explanations are needed in order to develop therapeutic approaches in medicine and preventive interventions in public health. Host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our genetic counseling can... 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