Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Soon Catherine, like Anne Boleyn, was found guilty of adultery; she was beheaded in 1542. The French would meanwhile send a fleet to take Genoa and Naples. In 1630 the Netherlands seized some coastal towns in northern Brazil. During the wars, both France and Spain formed complex political alliancesin fact, they were even fighting on the same side at one point. The consolidation of the kingdom of France under one ruler was now complete. One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. Lusitanians were successively overrun by Celts, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors (711). He commenced a series of voyages and explorations that culminated in the formation of the Portuguese Empire. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. Henry Tudor (14571509), earl of Richmond, became the champion of those who felt that Richard had wrongly taken the throne. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. This reform movement resulted in the revolution known as the Protestant Reformation, which eventually spread throughout Europe. In 1150 a new group of Berber conquerors, the Almohades, came to Under the last of the Valois kings, Charles IX (15501574; ruled 156074) and Henry III (15511589; ruled 157489), a series of fierce religious civil wars devastated France. He also invaded Provence, a region in southeast France, and areas of northern France. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. They Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. Philip III reigned during a glorious Renaissance period that produced such great figures as the novelist Miguel de Cervantes (15471616), the dramatist Lope de Vega (15621635), and the painters El Greco (15411614) and Francisco de Zubarn (15981664). There have been hundreds, if not thousands, of different kingdoms throughout history. The treaty required France's King Charles VI (13681422; ruled 13801422), an Orlanist, to give his daughter, Catherine of Valois (14011437), in marriage to Henry. Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. Trait 1: +3% Troop Health. . The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) marked the end of Habsburg dominance. They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. Gama's handling of the Samuri's diplomatic efforts was only a hint of the brutality later committed by the Portuguese invasion force in Asia and the Indies. Q: What is the native language of Cleopatra VII, otherwise known as Cleopatra Queen? Login. With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Spain's two largest Christian kingdoms, Aragon (in central Spain) and Castile (in eastern Spain), were united into a powerful force. Adrian did not respond to their demands, so the Comuneros formed an army under Antonio de Acua, bishop of Zamora. The problems started when Isabella died in 1504. In the Theses Luther listed his grievances with Roman Catholicism, such as his opposition to the practice of selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins). Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake (c. 15401596) launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. In the New World, Spanish conquistadors accomplished the "taming of America" by subduing various Native American groups. These requests raised a question about rights to sea routes. Medina-Sidonia retreated, taking his ships north around the British Isles. This marriage did not allow England to be free of the war, though, since many English people believed it was necessary to aid Protestants on the European continent. Saint Paul's School was founded early in Henry's reign by John Colet, the learned dean (head) of St. Paul's Cathedral. When it was released back in 2018, the numbers were good. He had not secured all of the anchors, so some ships drifted in the water and left an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to move in and set the Armada ablaze. Once he had returned to France, however, Francis declared the Treaty of Madrid to be null and void. The destruction was so great that the Spanish invasion was delayed for a year. The troubled young man was finally locked away in a tower, where he went on a series of hunger strikes and died later in the year. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. When she refused his proposal he realized that England could never be a Catholic country. Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). LORD SHIVAJI. However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the divorce because Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, had invaded Italy earlier that year. To counter the Spanish offensive, Francis planned for Swiss troops in the employ of Clement VII and Venice to attack Spanish holdings on the Italian peninsula. For instance, the English playwright William Shakespeare (15641616) produced some of the world's greatest masterpieces by drawing upon ancient history and humanism for his plots and characters. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. quest for new territories and markets in the East (see "The age of European exploration" section later in this chapter). Its significance goes far beyond its role in a few centuries in the European Middle Ages, however. This policy continued for more than twenty years. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that Person as author : Doumas, Christos In : History of humanity: scientific and cultural development, v.II: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C., p. 146-151 Language : English Also available in : Also available in : Franais Year of publication : 1996 Their philosophy made the cities of Toledo, Crdoba, and Granada important centers of learning. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. Among the reforms they demanded were simplified services, less elaborate church music, simpler vestments (robes worn by clergymen), and more preaching. The feudal system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. from Flanders. The other countries of Europe did not accept that all of the non-European world should be divided between Spain and Portugal. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. Barbarossa fled to Algiers (now Algeria), in North Africa, with the remnant of his fleet. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. Nevertheless, he did come upon a continent that was then unknown. Charles's advisers bribed the German princes who served as electors, however, and in 1519 Charles took office as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. As both the king of Spain and head of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles was now the most powerful ruler in Europe. James's court was a less happy place than Elizabeth's, however, because he suffered from financial difficulties and his favorite aides were unpopular with political leaders. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). At the time of his death, the French crown was six million livres in debt. As both the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain, Charlesat the age of twenty-twowas now the most powerful man in Christendom (the term then used for Europe). James again tried to remain free of the war by arranging an alliance with a Catholic country. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Yet Elizabeth is best remembered for her accomplishments, such as strengthening the Anglican Church and keeping government finances stable. A: Greek . You have to answer the questions about Rise of kingdoms and world history, in return, you will earn Gems and some other small rewards. When Gama returned to Calicut in 1502, with the purpose of turning it into a Portuguese colony, the city's head administrator, or Samuri, sent a ship full of envoys (representatives) to discuss the captain's intentions. The Franco-Austrian War of 1859 was the agent . Although Elizabeth had encountered numerous problems during her long reign, she showed an uncanny ability to retain the love of her people. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) Portugal was a rival of Spain during the age of exploration and discovery. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. Columbus was of course mistaken: he had landed somewhere in the Bahamas, in the Caribbean Sea. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. Louis's mother, Marie de Mdicis (15191589), acted as regent (interim ruler) in the early years of his reign. In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. His discovery made possible two other historic events: the conquest and colonization of the American continents and the circumnavigation of (completely go around) the globe. On August 6, Medina-Sidonia anchored his fleet at Calais to await contact with Parma. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. So, the whole connections between the world monetary systems were basically private sector finance. Q: France and Germany were both once part of what Feudal Kingdom? Adrian sent a royal army to put down the revolt. For example, the magnetic compass and other advances made it possible for navigators, who had previously been forced to rely on the Sun and the stars, to travel in bad weather and poor climates. Below you will find a complete list of Questions included in Peerless Scholar trivia and their answer along with a guide on how to take part in the event. The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, War of the Spanish Succession, 170114, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. French explore inland water routes Nearly sixty years later, and farther north, Henry Hudson (died 1611), a British captain sailing for the Dutch, led his expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. Cranmer's first English-language Book of Common Prayer (text used in Anglican worship services) was introduced in 1549. They used the Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). Margaret was exiled to France, and Henry lived the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London (a prison for members of the royalty and nobility). The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. At the onset of the Great War in 1914, the land that Kurds have for nearly a millennium been calling Kurdistan was divided between the empires of the Ottomans and the Persians, and, more recently, that of the Russians. In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. Instead, it was a series of conflicts mixed with periods of peace that began in 1337 and ended in 1453. Charles liberated thousands of Christian prisoners and soon thereafter captured the port of Tunis. Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. Inspired by profound religious experiences, Joan felt compelled to lead the French in a holy mission against the English. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. In an effort to prevent this outcome, Ferdinand brought Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, from Flanders to Spain. In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding Nationality: France. Charlemagne's Rise to Power. After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. For more than a decade Henry and Catherine were happy together. Iron. It was moderate in tonethat is, it did not reflect drastic changes from the Roman Catholic worship servicesbut a revision issued in 1552 was radically different. Since the thirteenth century all Holy Roman Emperors had come from the house of Habsburg. Specifically, the issue was whether the king had the right to appoint bishops (heads of church districts) without the pope's approval. To take on his duties as emperor Charles had to move to Aachen, Germany. As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. Numerous wealthy city-states competed for trade rights around the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, and the Italian Wars (a conflict between France and Spain for control in Italy) raged for sixty-four years (see "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). The Moors surrendered Toledo to the Christians in 1085. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (15331603; ruled 15581603) is known as England's golden age. The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. Francia: French National Day is on July 14 in order to coincide with which historical event? After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. Soon he had many enthusiastic followers called Lutherans, who joined him in initiating the Protestant Reformation. into numerous small regions, each controlled by a feudal lord. Renaissance ideas were still dominant in England when James died in 1625. At that time he was feudal lord of a greater part of France, including Normandy, Brittany, and Anjou in the northwest and Aquitaine in the southwest. Once within range of the Armada, the English ships were able to fire their weapons at the Spanish vessels from a relatively safe distance. He enjoyed delivering lectures on history and politics. In 2022, the game reached its peak. . During a famous confrontation with the emperor, the German priest refused to budge on his controversial views. A significant development in all three of these monarchies was the rise of nationalism, or pride in and loyalty to one's homeland, which was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance period. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. In 1652 Philip sent an army under his illegitimate son John of Austria (16291679) to Barcelona. In 1553 she restored the Latin Mass and the following year she recognized the jurisdiction of the pope in England. Most reforms took place in Castile, the larger and stronger of the two kingdoms. End of the Merovingian dynasty. An important revolution in English architecture was begun by Inigo Jones (15731652). Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. He records that in the year 1228, "a certain Archbishop of Armenia the Greater came on a pilgrimage to England to see the relics of the saints, and visit the sacred places in the kingdom, as he had done in others; he also produced letters of recommendation from his Holiness the Pope, to the religious and the prelates of the churches, in which . But after the duke was defeated and killed in a battle in 1477, Louis was able to reunite Burgundy with France. 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